Indian yellow pigment (magnesium euxanthate) produces a deep, luminescent, yellow-orange paint in both oil and watercolor. Used since ancient times in East Asia, it was imported into Europe from the 15th to the 19th centuries. Its origin was unknown until 1883, when an investigation by T. N. Mukharji discovered that Indian yellow was manufactured in rural India from the urine of cattle fed on mango leaves. Web resources here and here.

A Nayika and Her Lover: Page from a dispersed Rasamanjari  (Blossom Cluster of Delight) series. Opaque watercolor, gold and beetle-wing cases on paper. Ca. 1660-1670. Harvard Art Museums, Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Cambridge, MA.